Question 1

Dr. Harrison used a statistical procedure to analyze the findings of 105 studies on the effects of exercise on mood. Identify the technique employed by him.

Accepted Answer

A)  Meta-analysis
B)  Analysis of variance
C)  Literature review
D)  Causal analysisE) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 2

According to Rosenthal and Rosnow, when compared to nonvolunteers, volunteers tend to be:

Accepted Answer

A)  highly educated.
B)  of a lower socioeconomic status.
C)  less in need of approval.
D)  more unsociable.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 3

Which of the following best represents a meta-analysis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Miller and Downey's (1999)  work analyzing the results of 71 studies that examined the relationship between weight and self-esteem
B)  The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
C)  A study on the impact of conversation on driving by Drews and his colleagues (2008) 
D)  Smart's (1966)  research that found that college students were studied in over 70 percent of the articles published between 1962 and 1964E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 4

Identify the risk associated with pretests.

Accepted Answer

A)  A pretest does not necessarily enable a researcher to assess mortality effects.
B)  A pretest does not accurately depict whether the people who withdrew were any different from those who completed the study.
C)  A pretest tends to induce subjects to behave differently than they would without the pretest.
D)  A pretest fails to provide accurate scores, although intuitively pretesting seems like a good idea.E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 5

Which statement reflects the finding of the study conducted by Bushman and Wells (2001)  on narrative reviews and meta-analyses?

Accepted Answer

A)  Knowledge of meta-analysis can improve the way that one interprets information for literature reviews.
B)  In a meta-analysis, it is difficult to provide the type of general conclusion that can be reached with the traditional literature review.
C)  By organizing and evaluating previously published material, authors of literature reviews consider the progress of research toward clarifying a problem.
D)  The conclusions in meta-analyses and literature reviews are based on the objective impressions of the reviewer.E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 6

In _____ replications, researchers attempt to understand the relationships among abstract variables by using new, or different, operational definitions of those variables.

Accepted Answer

A)  strategic
B)  conceptual
C)  procedural
D)  exactE) None of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 7

Which of the following is true of exact replications?

Accepted Answer

A)  An exact replication is the use of different procedures to replicate a research finding.
B)  Exact replications are even more important than conceptual replications in furthering one's understanding of behavior.
C)  In exact replications, the same independent variable is operationalized in a different way.
D)  Exact replications often occur when a researcher builds on the findings of a prior study.E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 8

Research on the results of laboratory and field experiments that examine the same variables suggests that:

Accepted Answer

A)  the effect size of the independent variable on the dependent variable is very similar.
B)  the impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable is marked by dissimilarity.
C)  independent variables in field experiments must be manipulated differently from laboratory experiments.
D)  these experiments must be conducted in similar settings for the results to be complementary.E) A) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 9

A(n)  _____ replication is an attempt to replicate precisely the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained.

Accepted Answer

A)  abstract
B)  conceptual
C)  exact
D)  proceduralE) B) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 10

One way to increase one's knowledge of generalization to other subject populations is to:

Accepted Answer

A)  avoid including variables like gender, age, or ethnic group in the experimental design.
B)  use relevant and appropriate subject type variables in the experimental design.
C)  use volunteers only.
D)  prohibit research on animals.E) All of the above
F) None of the above

Question 11

Which of the following would a researcher be least likely to do when conducting a literature review?

Accepted Answer

A)  A researcher is least likely to indicate what findings are both strongly and weakly supported in the literature.
B)  A researcher is least likely to discuss future directions for research.
C)  A researcher is least likely to calculate an effect size for all the studies reviewed.
D)  A researcher is least likely to indicate inconsistencies and areas in which research is lacking.E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 12

A _____ design can be used in situations in which a pretest is desirable but there is concern over the possible impact of taking the pretest.

Accepted Answer

A)  before/after
B)  pretest-posttest
C)  Solomon four-group
D)  counterbalancedE) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 13

The use of different procedures to replicate a research finding is called a(n)  _____ replication.

Accepted Answer

A)  exact
B)  procedural
C)  conceptual
D)  abstractE) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

Question 14

A researcher replicates a past study that manipulates the physical attractiveness of a defendant by using photographs instead of written descriptions. This technique would be an example of _____ replication.

Accepted Answer

A)  procedural
B)  abstract
C)  exact
D)  conceptualE) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 15

A _____ identifies trends in the literature, whereas a(n)  _____ allows statistical, quantitative conclusions about the research.

Accepted Answer

A)  conceptual replication; narrative literature review
B)  narrative literature review; meta-analysis
C)  meta-analysis; exact replication
D)  meta-analysis; conceptual replicationE) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 16

Failures to replicate findings share the same problems as _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  nonsignificant findings
B)  actual findings
C)  Type I errors
D)  Type II errorsE) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 17

Which of the following is a common feature of literature reviews and meta-analyses?

Accepted Answer

A)  Both literature reviews and meta-analyses identify trends in the literature and directions for future study.
B)  Both literature reviews and meta-analyses allow quantitative conclusions.
C)  Both literature reviews and meta-analyses allow statistical conclusions.
D)  Both literature reviews and meta-analyses begin with a body of previous research.E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 18

In the original Mozart effect study, researchers examined the effect of exposure to classical music on spatial reasoning. In this case, exposure to classical music and spatial reasoning are examples of _____ variables.

Accepted Answer

A)  concrete
B)  conceptual
C)  confounded
D)  concurrentE) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 19

A valid criticism of the use of college students in a particular study would include:

Accepted Answer

A)  reasons that the study's effects could not be found in other groups.
B)  reasons for changing the procedure to accommodate other variables.
C)  references to the ways to eliminate demand characteristics found in the study.
D)  references to previous studies conducted using the same variables.E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 20

One way to assess whether pretesting creates a generalization problem is to:

Accepted Answer

A)  use simple random sampling rather than purposive sampling.
B)  conduct the same experiment with and without the pretest.
C)  ask participants whether the pretests were a problem.
D)  use a double-blind technique.E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Exam 14: Generalization

Failures to replicate findings share the same problems as _____.

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Which statement reflects the finding of the study conducted by Bushman and Wells (2001) on narrative reviews and meta-analyses?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

One way to assess whether pretesting creates a generalization problem is to:

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A valid criticism of the use of college students in a particular study would include:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Identify the risk associated with pretests.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is true of exact replications?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In _____ replications, researchers attempt to understand the relationships among abstract variables by using new, or different, operational definitions of those variables.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A researcher replicates a past study that manipulates the physical attractiveness of a defendant by using photographs instead of written descriptions. This technique would be an example of _____ replication.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The use of different procedures to replicate a research finding is called a(n) _____ replication.

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According to Rosenthal and Rosnow, when compared to nonvolunteers, volunteers tend to be:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A _____ identifies trends in the literature, whereas a(n) _____ allows statistical, quantitative conclusions about the research.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following best represents a meta-analysis?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

One way to increase one's knowledge of generalization to other subject populations is to:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A _____ design can be used in situations in which a pretest is desirable but there is concern over the possible impact of taking the pretest.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Research on the results of laboratory and field experiments that examine the same variables suggests that:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is a common feature of literature reviews and meta-analyses?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Dr. Harrison used a statistical procedure to analyze the findings of 105 studies on the effects of exercise on mood. Identify the technique employed by him.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A(n) _____ replication is an attempt to replicate precisely the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following would a researcher be least likely to do when conducting a literature review?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the original Mozart effect study, researchers examined the effect of exposure to classical music on spatial reasoning. In this case, exposure to classical music and spatial reasoning are examples of _____ variables.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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A _ identifies trends in the literature, whereas a(n) _ allows statistical, quantitative conclusions about the research.

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