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What is the relationship between linked genes and syntenic genes? Are syntenic genes always linked?Are linked genes always syntenic? Describe what is meant by each term.

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Linked genes are always inherited togeth...

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What unit of physical distance between genes on a chromosome provides a convenient way to relate the recombination frequencies for linked genes with their positions and order along a chromosome?

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map unit (...

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Genetic linkage leads to the production of a significantly greater than expected number of gametes containing chromosomes with _________.


A) dominant alleles
B) recessive alleles
C) allele combinations that are different from parental combinations
D) mutant alleles
E) parental combinations of alleles

F) B) and D)
G) A) and B)

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Genes associated by GWAS studies have all of the following characteristics except?


A) They have a specific group of alleles that co- occur with a specific trait.
B) They have a significant probability value statistic.
C) They have a specific group of alleles that are usually identified by SNPs.
D) They are most useful when they include both genes that contribute to disease and nearby genetic markers.
E) They are all located in the same chromosomal region.

F) A) and D)
G) A) and C)

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The Zmax from the analysis of a disease gene N and the DNA marker H was 2.5 at 0 = 0.1. Which of the following is the best interpretation of this result?


A) N and H are separated by 10 cM.
B) N and H are separated by less than 10 cM.
C) N and H are separated by more than 10 cM.
D) N and H are not linked.
E) No conclusion can be made regarding the linkage of N and H.

F) A) and D)
G) A) and C)

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In fruit flies, red eyes (pr+_) are dominant to purple eyes (prpr) and normal wings (vg+_) are dominant to vestigial wings (vgvg) . The genes are located on the same chromosome. A pure- breeding red- eyed fly with vestigial wings was crossed with a pure- breeding purple- eyed fly with normal wings. All of the F1 progeny had a WT phenotype. The recombination frequency between the two genes is 15%. If an F1 individual were test crossed, what percentage of the progeny would you expect to have the WT phenotype?


A) 85%
B) 50%
C) 7.5%
D) 92.5%
E) 15%

F) None of the above
G) A) and C)

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In an individual that is dihybrid for completely linked genes, which alleles would you expect in the gametes?


A) only recombinant gametes
B) one parental allele combination occurring more frequently than another
C) one parental allele combination occurring more frequently than another and no recombinant gametes
D) two equally frequent gametes containing only parental allele combinations
E) two equally frequent gametes containing only parental allele combinations and no recombinant gametes

F) None of the above
G) A) and B)

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What organism exhibits complete genetic linkage, meaning there is no recombination between homologous chromosomes?


A) Female Drosophila
B) Female Homo sapiens
C) Male Drosophila
D) Male Homo sapiens
E) Zea mays (corn)

F) B) and C)
G) C) and D)

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A geneticist is mapping the chromosomes of the newly captured gremlin. Stripe is heterozygous for linked genes with alleles Ee, Hh, and Bb, that determine if gremlins are evil (E) , have hair (H) , and b teeth (B) . In order to determine if the three genes are linked, a standard testcross was done, and the offspring had the following genotypes: 48 ee Hh bb 36 ee hh Bb 400 ee Hh Bb 4 Ee Hh Bb 426 Eehh bb 46 Eehh Bb 38 Ee Hh bb 2 ee hh bb \begin{array} { l l } 48 & \text { ee Hh bb } \\36 & \text { ee hh Bb } \\400 & \text { ee Hh Bb } \\4 & \text { Ee Hh Bb } \\426 & \text { Eehh bb } \\46 & \text { Eehh Bb } \\38 & \text { Ee Hh bb } \\2 & \text { ee hh bb }\end{array} What is the recombination frequency between genes E and H?


A) 40%
B) 8%
C) 92%
D) 8.4%
E) 7.4%

F) B) and E)
G) B) and C)

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What is the Lod score?

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The ratio of the two likelihoods describ...

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What is observed when syntenic genes are close enough to one another that they are unable to assort independently?

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Assuming three genes are linked, how many recombinant genotypes would you expect and at what frequency?


A) four recombinant genotypes, more frequent than expected by independent assortment
B) six recombinant genotypes, less frequent than expected by independent assortment
C) six recombinant genotypes, more frequent than expected by independent assortment
D) four recombinant genotypes, less frequent than expected by independent assortment
E) two recombinant genotypes, more frequent than expected by independent assortment

F) A) and B)
G) D) and E)

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Alleles of linked genes usually segregate together during meiosis. When they don't, it is because__________ has occurred between them.

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What type of test would you use to determine whether observed data constitute evidence of genetic linkage or are simply a case of chance variation from expected values?


A) recombination frequency (r) calculation
B) chi- square analysis
C) two- point test cross
D) three- point test cross
E) test cross

F) A) and B)
G) A) and E)

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Recombination frequencies between genes can be altered by all the following except?


A) addition of a chromosomal segment outside of the two genes being studied
B) evolution
C) being the homogametic rather than the heterogametic sex
D) concentration of cofactors for DNA binding proteins
E) temperature

F) A) and B)
G) None of the above

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Two genes, A and X, exhibit incomplete linkage. The frequency of each parental gamete (AX and ax) is 45%. What is the approximate frequency of the Ax gamete?

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A geneticist is mapping the chromosomes of the newly captured gremlin. Stripe is heterozy for three linked genes with alleles Ee, Hh, and Bb, that determine if gremlins are evil (E), ha (H), and biting teeth (B). In order to determine if the three genes are linked, a standard testc was done, and the 1000 offspring had the following genotypes: 48 ee Hh bb 36 eehh Bb 400 ee Hh Bb 4 Ee Hh Bb 426 Eehh bb 46 Eehh Bb 38 Ee Hh bb 2 eehh bb \begin{array}{ll}48 & \text { ee Hh bb } \\36 & \text { eehh Bb } \\400 & \text { ee Hh Bb } \\4 & \text { Ee Hh Bb } \\426 & \text { Eehh bb } \\46 & \text { Eehh Bb } \\38 & \text { Ee Hh bb } \\2 & \text { eehh bb }\end{array} Diagram the alleles on the homologous chromosomes of the heterozygous individuals with correct gene order.

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What is the term for chromosomes that do not reshuffle the alleles of linked genes?

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parental c...

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After analysis of 100 pedigrees, the Zmax from the analysis of linkage between a disease gene D and the DNA marker P was found to be 3.5 at 0 = 0.25. Which of the following is the best interpretation of these results?


A) The evidence indicates that D and P are not linked.
B) The evidence supports linkage of D and P at 0.25 cM.
C) The evidence supports linkage of D and P at 2.5 cM.
D) No conclusion can be made regarding linkage of D and P.
E) The evidence supports linkage of D and P at 25 cM.

F) All of the above
G) B) and D)

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Construct a map of the chromosome, with the most accurate map distances, from the follow recombination frequencies between individual pairs of genes: C - F 13%, V - F 20%, V - C 8%, S - F 4%, C - S 9%,

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(V)--- -- 8 cM----- (C)------ 9 cM------...

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